How the One Child Policy Affects China

Zhenfeng Xia
China

The One Child Policy is a law that was introduced by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in 1979, and this policy stated that couples must apply for a certificate before they were allowed to have a child (2014). If Chinese people don’t cooperate with the One Child Policy, they will have to pay large fine that is their whole year wages. Although China population problem has been addressed by One Child Policy during the 35 years of using One Child Policy, those years China's population reduced by approximately 300 million. However I think this policy takes away human basic rights.

So I think the Chinese government should get rid of the One Child Policy. I think this because it makes people prefer having sons, it makes younger Chinese people more selfish and it raises gender imbalance.

The first cause that One Child Policy is bad for China is because they will prefer to have a son. This has been a problem for a long time. In traditional China, people thought men always better than women, because men can do more works, and don’t need to change their family name or others when they get married (January, 31, 2014). On the other hand, sons will someday provide money and resources for his parents when they are older.

If they have a girl, she will marry a man and that man will provide for his family. So it is obvious why they would want to have a son to protect their own secure, and if women's parents obey One Child Policy, they will feel lonely when they are old. One Child Policy is unfair for families who have daughter, because their daughter can’t take care of them when they are old. Due to this situation, a lot of Chinese women decide to abortion when they find out that they have pregnant child is daughter. So this policy is relay raise ethical issue.

The second cause of One Child Policy is bad for China that it can make younger people become selfish. Only one child in a family, they are becoming spoiled, like little "emperors". For example, if child want buy some expensive toys, they will buy for them without think, and parents can respond anything their child want.

Due to parents spoiling the child with everything. This makes child think that they are most important person in this world. When they child become an adult, they are also dependent on their parents, even they don't want to get a job to raise themselves. When they step into society, they will encounter many trouble. Because society is fair to everyone, it is not depend on whether or not you are one child in your family.

The third cause of the One Child policy that it raises the gender imbalance, meaning there are more men than women. According the Article, by Susan Scutti, people in China are generally sexist, and they think men are always better than women. In the traditional Chinese opinion, it make male are have 40 million more than female(Jan, 2014). On the other hand, many Chinese pregnant women go to hospital to check their babies sex, and if it is girl, they will choose abortion.

Due to this problem, China have big trouble in gender imbalance. It make many men don’t have wife, and also girls parent don’t want their child to married for someone. So this problem become more and more serious in China. So I think if China doesn't get rid of One Child Policy, more and more men can't have wife, and it means that a lot of men are lonely, when they are old, nobody can take care of them. If they don't have child to look after them, government will spend more time and money to support older men' life.

In the summary, One Child Policy have some benefits, for example, it can reduce China' population, government offer some money to people, and people can get job easier than before. However, One Child Policy makes some families which want have more child have big trouble, and it also takes away human basic right, forced women who are pregnant to do abortion. In China traditional, it urges sexism problem is become more serious, in the China' family, they prefer like boys to girls, because they think boy can inherit them family business and others. So I disagree with the One Child Policy, and I think it needs to be eliminated.

References

Matt, R.(2014). China's One Child Policy. About education. Retrieved from http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/onechild.htm

Jonathan, K.( January, 31, 2014) Time running out for China's one-child policy after three decades. The Guardian. Retrieved from

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/31/time-running-out-china-one-child-policy-exemptions

Susan, C. (2014, January 23). One-Child Policy Is One Big Problem for China. Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/2014/01/24/one-child-policy-one-big-problem-china- 245118.html

Weighing the Promises and Perils of a Genetic Database

Yachao Shang
Baoding, China

Many people believe that databases are the business of the computer engineers but not normal people’s.Now consider the gene database which is a government database of DNA profiles which can be used by law enforcement agencies to identify suspects of crimes and scientists to study genetic researches (WIKIPEDIA,2014,September 10).If your DNA sample is saved in the database what do you think of?

Of course the database is able to record gene information for us ,which sounds like we do not need to worry about our identify because everyone’s DNA is unique.At the same time the database can also help scientists to research the gene diseases and may solve many health problems.However there is an ethic issue about the database which is the security problem.

Our DNA is our data which is a kind of personal information, but the government and researchers can easily get it from the genetic database(Trost,2008,June 18).To Matthew Trost’s mind,it is people’s right to protect their DNA samples from being leaked out.However the genetic database is weakening our rights to defend our personal information because we do not know what the government and scientists actually do with our genetic information.

Therefore setting up a  database which records the gene samples of people is dangerous for their privacy.To begin with, some faculties can get the information from the database by a technological way then they can spread the data on the Internet.So that some illegal organizations can use the samples to create fault identities which can protect them from getting caught by the government. At the same time the owners of the samples will get in troubles because of the fault identities.Besides the administrators of the database when the database was built may have access to the database so the information in the database is not well protected from being leaked out.Therefore people are not willing to provide their gene samples in the database.

However it is undeniable that the gene database is very useful for the identity of people.As we all know the DNA of every person is unique making it possible for the government to make sure who people are.For instance if the policeman can get the blood from the criminals,which contains the DNA of the criminals,helping the policeman identity people with the gene database.After that, everyone knows that there are many terrible disasters happening all over the world everyday.

Then the database has the ability to help us to identify people even their families are incapable to recognize them by injured appearance.For instance, in the 911 terrorist attack there are many people died without a clear appearance but the gene database helped people to find their families and as we all know that everyone wants to pray for his families and bury them after they are gone.The database can also make sure that people can find their families even they were separated by some reasons when they were very young.So these databases can help people have a safe live by identifying criminals and recognize their families.

Another good reason for setting up gene database is that scientists are able to research how to cure some genetic diseases by using the large number of the samples in the database. Researchers are looking for the linkages between genetic information and diseases especially the inherited diseases which means the scientists need many gene samples to support them to find out the regular patterns and linkages.

For example when scientists are studying the Alzheimer’s disease which causes memory lapses,emotional instability and progressive loss of mental ability,they need as much genetic information from the people with the disease as possible to figure out how the gene has an influence on human beings.With enough data they may find a way to cure the disease.At the same time the genetic epidemiology studies which examines the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in causing diseases also need a large number of genetic information to support the research.

There is a research made by Ann Monica Bianco which explains how the database tools play a role in genetic diseases research.As Ann Monica Bianco mentioned, there are lots of genetic databases which have been developed to make meaningful connections among worldwide scientific discoveries so that scientists are able to work together to study the same genetic diseases even they are in different areas in the world. As we all know, information changes very rapidly and data exchange is always happening.In this research, genetic  databases record all the information while the databases are  constantly updating and comparing data.So the databases make the results of genetic diseases researches objective and reliable

Furthermore genetic databases are very useful when we consider about the role that the genetic databases play in the study of  gene functions.According to  Jian-Bo Pan genetic databases provide much helpful information which is consisted of  a large number of gene expressions.In the research mentioned by Jian-Bo Pan, scientists use the gene information ,which is provided by databases, to identify pattern genes.

And pattern genes are a group of genes that can explain our behaviors and provide a path toward a global and dynamic understanding of gene functions and their roles in particular biological processes or events.During the research the genetic database organizes genetic information which helps scientists to generalize some formats for quantitative identification of pattern genes.And the database provides the retrieval of pattern genes for researchers to search the information quickly making sure that researchers work efficiently.So the genetic databases make the gene functions study possible.

To conclude,everything has two sides and genetic databases bring positive and negative effects.So we should regulate how to set up genetic databases, making it available for the public to get access to knowing how government and researchers use the gene samples in the databases.So that people trust the government to record their gene samples.Meanwhile researchers can get information to support their studies.In order to achieve the goal, the government should set a law to protect our privacy from being leaked out.The mass also need civilian organization which has right to supervise the process of how genetic samples are used.After improvements, we really believe that we are able to set up a professional database and our gene samples are used legitimately and efficiently.

References

1) Bianco, A., Marcuzzi, A., Zanin, V., Girardelli, M., Vuch, J., & Crovella, S. (2013).       

Database tools in genetic diseases research.Genomics, 101(2), 75-85. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2012.11.001

2) Pan, J., Hu, S., Shi, D., Cai, M., Li, Y., Zou, Q., & Ji, Z. (2013). PaGenBase: A

Pattern Gene Database for the Global and Dynamic Understanding of Gene  

Function. Plos ONE, 8(12), 1-9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080747

3) Trost, M.(2008,April 18).My DNA is my data.TEDBlog.Retrieved from

http://blog.ted.com/2008/06/18/my_dna_is_my_da/

4) WIKIPEDIA.(2014,September 10).National DNA database.Retrieved from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_DNA_database

Exploring the Issue of Human Cloning

Mohamed Mesbah
Misurata, Libya

As science has advanced, life has improved in many ways. One of those is cloning, which allows doctors to copy identical  genetic of another human individual. Scientist have  to study  cloning of human being from 30 years ago to try find out treatment of some  disease and discover  the benefits of cloning for people sociality.  By cloning humans, scientists can use the same DNA to make multiple people. People found out about this issue from animal cloning, which has a medical and physiological effects. There are a lot of questions about cloning that scientist try to find out the reasons and a benefits about clone people. The most important question is” should people clone or not, and why?”.

One of the greatest benefits from cloning technology is the ability to repair important organs and tissues with stem cells. Cloning can allow the asexual reproduction which leads to select an  individuals. For example, the offspring have a basically identical nuclear genome. By cloning technology, stem cells, which are primitive cells, can make various types of tissue. For this reason, cloning cells can be able to  repair and develop the therapies of cells that has damage and treat Patients who are suffering from some horrible diseases (Marcus, 2012). In addition, somatic cells are not  identical to embryos but  to gametes because it is an union  result of the generation.

In this case, sperm cells and ova that  have a new organism by sexual reproduction can help to repair the damage in stem cells. This means the stem cells can probably treat diseases by substituting cells in any tissue or body organ. Moreover, if any cells were interacted with another individual, the body could  recognize the  foreign proteins and will start attacking the transplanted cells. As a result, cloning has big benefits to use it as treatment of diseases.

Another significant benefit is using cloning technology as a solution of infertility problems. For example,  a woman that could not conceive can have embryo implanted by cloning  in her body. This is a most hopes and dreams of many couples who did not able to have a children. Basically,  human cloning allows doctors to implant embryos or freeze this process for using in months or  later. Many scientists believe that a fertility  treatment is available, but they would not be as  efficient as potential of using human cloning. this procedure allows scientists and doctors to avert the prescribing of strong drugs for women  who has an infertility, but not necessary give women the same propitious odd as using cloning. However, some people are incredulous about making babies identical by cloning and how cloning effects  for embryo who was did not born yet, and who decide to offered helping them to have child (McGee,2001).

Human cloning has great affects about society and  identity  of people who have cloning. Some researchers believe that cloning makes a problem and change concepts of human individuality  and identity. For example, someone who has been cloned may face serious concerns about being unique. this reason not only of identical appearance  to another person, but because his or her identity may be her or his parents. people do not want naturally to generate  a same attitudes, behaviors, and system of our live(Morales, 2009). They want to be unique not to be similar in look and sound. By cloning, some physiological problems have  been existing such  a problem that related to identity development and a lack of uniqueness. As a result , many physiologists believe that cloning have strong effect of society and makes people look the same

I believe  that people should clone because scientists use cloning as treatment for many diseases.  Also, cloning  probably can get solution for infertility of women. Cloning leads to increase population and improve offspring. When doctors use a same DNA in stem cells that help to create a new cells. As a result for this, offspring will be improved. For this reasons, I suggest governments to interest to study cloning and pay money for these researches because after couple of years, human cloning will be lead the Priorities of science.

To sum up, Cloning has big effects for population studying about genetically identical for future generation. In addition, Cloning has an significant effects that when it used around the world to treat some diseases special for infertility .However, cloning  causes some psychological problem for people who have cloning. Such as change of behavior and lack of uniqueness and some problem that has strong effects for society. cloning is complicated ethics issue. But the query still  excists: “ should people clone?”

References

1) Leon, R. (2003). The Ethics of Human Cloning. Retrieved from

http://www.aei.org/article/society-and-culture/poverty/the-ethics-of-human-cloning-speech/

2) Marcus, A. (2012). The Ethics of Human Cloning in Narrative Fiction. Comparative Literature Studies, 49(3), 405-433.

http://www.search.ebscohost.com.skyline.ucdenver.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=79363927

3) McGee, G. (2001). Primer on Ethics and Human Cloning. . Retrieved from

http://www.sunyit.edu/~steve/pos352-w02/class-readings/3.pdf

4) Morales, N. (2009). Psychological aspect of human cloning and genetic manipulation. Retrieved from

http://jetpress.org/v20/morales.htm

The Ethics of Cloning Humans

Rajaa Kowas
Zalton, Libya

Many people have questions about why do other people want to clone? In fact, there are many reasons that motivate people to clone. For example some people look to cloning is the way which they can get out the members of the human body and used for treatment and rescue others. One of the most important reasons for scientific cloning is to give the opportunity for having members can be using as a substitute for defective devices in the body of the sick person, Farnsworth (2001, Mar). But some believe that by cloning will get another person like them, according to kilner (2002, Nov) “By having clones, in some measure, people can have more of him in the world and thereby make a bigger impact”.

Therefore, according to Mangney (2003) these beliefs are a misconception because as he stated a clone is not exact imitation of the genetic. In addition to that a clone person will grow up in different environment and culture. So, as result, this person will be different from the original person. However, cloning causes in alter family relationships; create legal problems and commodity people.

The first issue to discuss is cloning effects alters family relationships. Firstly, kinship will be confusing. How can you develop a close relationship and consider someone your brother or sister if they did not come from your mother?  In fact, it is confusing situation; it will create serious problems of identity and individuality in the family, a cloned person's place in the family relationships might well is unclear and confused. Of course, every other family relationship will be confused. Consequently, family relationships that involves by cloning would differ from all normal families ‘relationships, The President's Council on Bioethics (2002, July).

Another way that this alters relationships is confused family roles and labels. Because the original person and the person cloned will marry in the future and they will have children, then people will have a big question are the kids’ cousins or brothers. This a new situation causes in people will have the mixing in the offspring of cloned child and the child's original. For example, if a woman decided to do cloning a girl that she will have it is her daughter, but actually the daughter would be the genetic sister of the mother. As result cloning will create a new form to the families. So, we can say that cloning affects the family's relationship abnormal.

One of the big issues for cloning is legal issues.  Because the cloning is a new scientific phenomenon, we need laws that regulate the lives of a cloned people. Because one of the main goals of the government is to protect people life, some people want the government to regulate cloning, by revisiting laws that govern the relations between the people and the laws of marriage and divorce. Furthermore, the courts will have difficulty sorting out parental rights in cases of assisted reproduction. Because cloned person will live like a normal person, he needs to have laws regulating the rights and obligations.

Another legal problem is in who has the right to give consent to cloning, the same person or her/his family. If the couple decides to clone them, they are only has a right to use their material. However, if they decide to clone dead relatives, who is have a right to give the approval; actually, that completed question,  Magney (2003).  As result that may causes in problems and divisions in the family, which is reflected on the community and makes it more, dismantle.  

Cloning would encourage the commodification of human.  Recently, the world saw the burgeoning cloning has created an uneasy tension between individual economic interests and human dignity. Where it is the exploitation of human beings and makes them as a commodity bought and sold. However, this use of people dignity marks a significant departure from the traditional, human-rights informed view of human dignity. For example If the cloning spreads in poor communities could lead to the exploitation of human beings by making them copies for using in various experiments or let people as machines to get children versus small amounts. Another point is the cloning might open the way for the manipulation of genes and then create a person according to certain specifications, according to The President's Council on Bioethics (2002, July). Parents may have a right and the power to decide what kind of child they will have in the future.

I believe that cloning people is not a good idea because it causes a lot of problems to each individual and the community. Cloning lead to families has mix generation as result the family ties would be confusing; consequently society will be more completed. In addition cloning causes in law problems. In fact, I think the governments should take control and make laws before anything drastic could ever happen by putting  a strong laws, which  regulating the cloning process. However, cloning has positive, cloning can offer a solution for infertility, by giving opportunities to people who have infertility to have children. For example, if a man could not product sperm, cloning would help him to have a child who is related to him, The President's Council on Bioethics (2002, July). This example reinforces the position of people who support cloning because it cannot prevent a person who has infertility of having children. This point has some merit on the surface.

On other hand, The American Medical Association holds three points of reason why cloning should not take place physical issues, psychosocial issue and familial and societal relations, Farnsworth (2001, Mar). That it means cloning will create a new people no different than us, as result they will work and married. So, they will be against many problems that may make their life sad. For example, a cloned person always will people look to him as cloned as well as people always do compare between a cloned person and an original person. That leads to a cloned person feel he is not normal person.

To summarize, Cloning can change the world and the way we live. Because cloning has three main negative effects: complex family relations, Legal problems and commodity people. In all of these cases the moral problems is life of people. Thus, it will create a complex life, as result that may cause in social problem that impact relations between the people.

References

1) Magney, A. (2003). Cloning me, cloning you: reflections on the ethics of cloning for individuals,

Families and society. Social Alternatives, 22(1), 19-26

2) The President's Council on Bioethics. (2002, July). The ethics of cloning-to-produce-children. Human cloning and human dignity an ethical inquiry. Retrieved from https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu

3) Kilner, J. (2002, Nov). Human cloning. The center for bioethics and human dignity. Retrieved from https://cbhd.org/content/human-cloning

4) Farnsworth, J. (2001, march). To Clone or Not to Clone: The Ethical Question. Retrieved from http://thefarnsworths.com/science/cloning.htm

Using GMOs in Africa

Hyeongshin Hyen

Jeju Korea

Most people cannot imagine a tomato plant growing in the desert because they cannot grow in that environment. However, if people who live in the desert use GMOs, Genetically Modified Organisms, they can grow the tomato. Also, scientists can make the new foods based on existing foods such as pomato, which combines with potatoes and tomatoes. If people plant the pomatoes, they can make the potato’s and tomato’s nutritional content. 

Religious groups and people who think about their health do not agree about this situation. First, the religious group says everything, which has life have to be made by God, so people cannot change. Next, people who worried about their health think that genome is very complex. For example, the number of human DNA is 3,000,000,000, and each DNA has connection. That is why they say if the people change some gene, it will make some problem on the other part.

However, why do people make and use GMOs? The most important thing is that food resources are limited. The wide of areas which can plants some food are loss worldwide, so people need the more strong plants like wheat that can be planted on the desert. Scientists try to touch the plants genomes. GM crops give a lot of positive effects to African food problem but government needs to impose legal sanction.

A lot of countries in Africa lacks food, and scientists say the world’s population will be 9 billion in 2050, 6 billion in 2000. Especially Africa, which has highest rate of population growth, because the number of average children in a family is 6 in Africa. This rate is almost 2 times than Asia. On the other hand, farms have been replaced by an urban community. It means people have to live with food which is limited after some years. Even if a lot of people died of hunger now. 

According to FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, one hundred thousands people died every 1 day in 2005 because of hunger, and 35 percent of Africans are on the brink of starvation.

However, if people who live in Africa have GM crops, the food problem that causes environment in Africa will be solved, because the yield of crops will increase. First, the size of the farms will broaden because people can make the farms in the desert. 52 percent of the world desert is in Africa. Also, 18 percentage African farmland could be lost up by drought (Xiao Zhang, Ximing Cai, 2011). For example, the Saharan desert, which the biggest desert in the world (8,600,000 km2; 31 times of Colorado), does not have the foods and farms. If the African use the GM crops that can be grown in the desert, they will be arable. It will close the drought, and amount of farmland will broaden. As a result, the yield of crops will be increase.

Next, GM crops have immunity from disease. IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, 2014) said, just 3.05 percent of global organic farmland in Africa because plants cannot live without agricultural chemical and pesticides. Also, Africa has a lot of diseases that people do not know about. For example, RYMV (Rice Yellow Mottle Virus) damages in Sierra Leone, a country in West Africa that is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest, on 1990 (Rybicki. E, Pieterson. G., 2012).  As the result, 82 percent of yield is reduced by RYMV. If the rice has a virus resistant DNA, they will not damage gram RYMV. It will keep the yield.  

Third, GM crops do not need a lot of people. African farmers usually do not have machine that can use in farm like the USA, so they need a lot of people. For Example is the weed. Famers have to take out the weeds because the weed disrupts that the crops grow. This situation needs many workers. GM crops can get the resistant to weeds that have the bad effect to yield of crops. It means farmers do not need to use the worker; farmers do not need a lot of labor cost. Prices of crops will be decrease. Finally, it will be easier for Africans to get food.

I believe that GMOs are necessary in Africa, but need some regulations. For example, labeling is one of the most important regulations because we do not know about risk of GMOs. People have right of know, that everyone has. It mean we have to give some choice for African who is in starvation. However, if African cannot recognize if the crops are GM crops or not, we destroy the right of know. Also, we need really detail regulations. For example, we make a law about GMOs labeling, but we do not make a detail law. It will make same problems like no regulation about labeling. For example, if company makes a small label, customs cannot recognize the label. It is also destruct the right of know. We know GM crops need in Africa, but we have to make some detail regulations.

In conclusion, GM crops offer a solution for food problems in Africa. A lot of people complain about risk of GMOs. However, they do not know how many people need food. According to Yusaku Uga, leader of a team in National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (2013), “Development of GM rice plants is… one of (the) useful strategies to improve drought resistance.” I hope they thought about food problem in Africa.

References

1) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. (2011, March 28). Large regional changes in

Farmland area predicted. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110325151645.htm

2) IFAOM. (2014). Status of organic agriculture and world market. P37. Retrieved from http://www.fibl.org/fileadmin/documents/shop/1636-organic-world-2014.pdf

3) Fox News. (2011). Roots Breakthrough For Drought-resistant Rice. Retrieved from  

http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/08/04/roots-breakthrough-for-drought-resistant-rice

4) Rybicki. E, Pieterson. G. (2012). Plant Virus disease problems in the developing Word. P6.

Retrieved from https://rybicki.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/plvidis-final-11-6-99.pdf

The Tragedy of Plastic Surgery

Yang Han
Xinjiang, China

Plastic surgery is becoming more popular among many young women who are judged by their appearances and want to look beautiful. But in the world where they are working too much and don’t have the time for exercise, they look for the easy way to change their looks, which is plastic surgery. As a result, there are many things that cause young women to get plastic surgery, and these have many effects.

One of the reasons women get plastic surgery is media influence. There are many young girls who feel inferior because of media influence. A study on fifth graders, 10 years old girls told researchers they were dissatisfied with their own bodies after watching a music video or a TV show (Dr. Eugene, 2014). Young women easily feel inferior when they compare themselves with someone far better than themselves. 

Especially when their husbands are attracted by stunning super stars, the feelings of inferiority and envy raise. They want to become gorgeous then gain attentions back. So, they do exercise and diet, which is difficult to insist. Imagine a young woman, who looks herself in the mirror, is frustrated by the unsatisfied appearance longing to change. And the most effective way to help them is plastic surgery.

The second reason is peer influence. There is a rapidly increasing of cosmetic surgery among adolescent in U.S.A. result from peer pressure (Van McCrary, 1998). For teenagers, the most urgent need is acting in a certain way or making choices to “fit in” (Maria, 2007). We can find that a “group” usually all make up, smoke or have the same tattoo.  Because teenagers think the same acting is a symbol of being friend, which means if one of the “groups” undergoes the procedure, the others will have a high chance to do same thing. 

Otherwise, they are regarded as the odd one out in the “group”. They need companions, so they don't have choices.

In addition to media and peer influences, discrimination plays a role as well. The main discrimination is from the social convention. Our social convention trends to judge people by their looks. People might be rejected in job hunting or other social activities only because ill-favored appearances. Statistics shows that 95% of the employers said a jobseeker’s personal appearance affected their opinion of that applicant’s suitability for the job (Job Center, n.d). In this situation, people who suffered unfair prejudice might be forced to choose advanced techniques to help them.

Under these influences, however, young women have plastic surgery following many negative effects. One of the negative consequences is transplant reactions. The transplant reaction occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the patient’s immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue (Hertl, 2013). Our immune system has memory, and the filler of surgery is not the original part. So it wants to kill these incompatible parts to gain balance again. But these fake parts are supposed to stay and make young women beautiful. Then our bodies suffer from a great damage during the “war” between immune system and fillers. According to the research, 5%-10% of all procedures have after-effects result from transplant reactions (Discover, 2010)

The second negative influence is addiction. Unlike drug addicts who suffer from chemical addition, Plastic surgery addicts experience mental obsession to alter their bodies and faces (Dr.Howard, 2013).  “I reshaped my nose and then I want a perfect mouth’’, which shows a picturesque inner work of the majority of patients. Because of young women never want to stop on the way to become pretty. They want more attention coming from their gorgeous looks and raise their own presence. So, they decide to undergo surgeries again and again to become more beautiful.  However, People who undergo excessive surgeries may end up with permanent damage to their muscle tissue and skin (Dr.Howard, 2013). The statistics shows that 200 thousand faces are disfigured due to addiction every year (Discover, 2010).

After all of these tragedies, I wonder why the patients can always get permissions to undergo surgeries. Maybe they are innocent because they have no idea of what kind of damage will be brought after the surgery or maybe they know the danger but still insist. Then what about surgeons who are well-educated about medical knowledge? Why do they give permissions to patients who will take a risk of surgeries?

I believe that the surgeon is a kind of profession. But in most situations, what they need to do is beyond their professions. For example, told the patient “As an expert, I suggest that it better for you to not have the operation.” Give them time to consider and change minds, tell them the potential risks, rather than giving them permissions without considering.

In addition, I also wonder why our society judge women’s appearances with unrealistic standards.  It is unfair to women. Because of every girl is different with different exterior, personality, and character. But I think the twisted fact is women want to change their appearances to cater this criterion without thinking whether it is fair. It is sad because women lose their rights that develop their own traits virtually.

I believe women are beautiful not only because their good looks. Judging women by their look doesn’t respect women’s right.  The country need to establish laws to guarantee their rights. In the mean time, the nongovernment organization should publicize more information that judging women by inside beauty rather their looks. And it is helpful to use commercial advertisements in order to raise people’s awareness of protecting women’s rights

Indeed, it is difficult for society to assess women without appearances. It is tough for individuals to evaluate themselves without minimization. And it is not simple for surgeons to say no facing the benefit. Therefore, we need more concerted effort from individuals, surgeons as well as society to reduce the tragedy.

References:

1) Dr. Eugene C. Roehlkepartain. (2014, Sept 17).National institution on media and the family. Teen Health and the Media. Retrieved from: http://depts.washington.edu/thmedia/view.cgi?section=bodyimage&page=fastfacts

2) Dr.Howard C.Samuels (2013, Mar 5). Plastic surgery addition. Retrieved from: http://drhowardsamuels.com/addiction-guide/plastic-surgery/

3) Dr.Howard C.Samuels (2013, Mar 5). Plastic surgery addition. Retrieved from: http://drhowardsamuels.com/addiction-guide/plastic-surgery/

4) Job Center Wisconsin.(n.d). Grooming for Employment. Retrieved from: http://www.wisconsinjobcenter.org/publications/4814/4814.htm

5) Maria R. T. de Guzman (2007, Aug) .Friendships, peer influence, and peer pressure during the teen years. Neb Guide. Retrieved from: http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=837

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Euthanasia Should Be Allowed

Jing Guo
China

Have you heard of the word ‘euthanasia’? The word "euthanasia" came from Latin. To be specific, ‘eu ‘means goodly or well, ‘thanatos’ equal to a good death. “The physician was expected to provide conditions that would facilitate a gentle death but ‘least of all should he be permitted, prompted either by other people’s request or his own sense of mercy, to end the patient’s pitiful condition by purposefully and deliberately hastening death’ (Boudreau & Somerville, 2014).” Physicians supports the euthanasia, but just frustrated because they have no permit to practice the euthanasia.

A news attracted public’s attention is that the Vermont Legislature passed a law permitting euthanasia by last May, joining Montana, Oregon and Washington. This spring, advocates are strongly promoting “death with dignity” bills in Connecticut and other states and most people support that.

First of all, patients who have incurable disease suffer too much physically. Incurable disease means anyone who can only extend their lives by medicines and machines. For example, Parkinson’s patients cannot manage themselves without their families or nurses helps and even they won’t leave their beds until they die.

That is painful because anyone’s skin whose cannot touch clean air a long time will be resulted in red, swollen and putrid. This means they endure the pain of the effects of not controlling their bodies despite fact that they are mentally aware. In general, they also suffer in cannot communicate with others. Although Hawkins can afford it, most of Parkinson’s patients cannot afford ‘Talking Machine” as him. It is so unfortunate because they have lost their basic abilities as human beings.

Also, diseases burden patients and their family too much mentally at the same time. Human who have not enough socialization will lead them burden in clinical depression. Like Hawkins, he need infuse medicine all the time for support him enough nutrition. His feeling should not too bad because he gets huge social value and regonazation. However, nobody knows how his life like when he stay at home along before sleep.

Despite other patients could get same socialization value as Hawkins, they must be felt lose their dignity which is the only thing they possess. What their classical actions are throwing things, refuse eating and roaring. This burdens their families mentally, feeling tried and losing confidents. The tried emotion from their families will turn back to patients, and their moods will be influenced by each other. This will make situation worse and worse. Patients will think that their existence is a kind of burden for families and losing dignity then. These patients wouldn’t have good moods and impossible enjoy their last life.

What’s worse, patients who get terminal illness burden their families financial. Patients who have terminal illness means patients who get it will not live a long life, maybe a few months. In these few months, families need to endure huge a burden. It is always happened that the cost which provide patients’ life burden families much despite patient have healthcare insurance. Take cancer for example. Some of the newer drugs cost upwards of $10,000 a month, prices most uninsured people can't afford. Even patients who do have insurance often have to pay 20 to 40% of that cost (Marlo, 2007). Obviously, normal families cannot afford this. For only extent patients’ life about few months, most families need to borrow money from others, and become a burden.

In my opinion, patients should be allowed to apply to the euthanasia because patients should decide for themselves. Defining this basic right, Jackson (2014) said “life, liberty and security of the person” are primary goals. The patient is the only one who can make the decision. Luley has been working as a volunteer for ten years. She said “We seem to have forgotten that death is part of life. In a way, suicide is the ultimate self-determination, the last human right” ( Jackson, 2014). How can anyone else decide who gets to live?

Do physicians have the right to refuse their patients who wish to end their life peaceful? If a patient loses hope for living and have not enough good quality of life, this person should not be forced to keep his life. As a result, patients have the right to suicide, but just because they have no abilities to practice it, they need physicians’ help. And it is a kind of way how protect their “the last right”.

But some critics argue that this practice should be denied based on the morals of the doctor and society. However, there is indeed have some times physician cannot give patients good life back because the limited of medicine technique. If die with dignity is the last wishes of a patient, I don’t think it is unmoral that physician just want to meet the patients the last wishes. So I think that the euthanasia should be allowed.

Reference

Jackson, C. (2014, April). Should we have the right to die? Therapy Today. Retrieved from http://0search.ebscohost.com.skyline.ucdenver.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=95868701

Boudreau, J., & Somerville, M. A. (2014, July). Euthanasia and assisted suicide: a physician's and ethicist'sperspectives. Medicolegal & Bioethics, Retrieved from            http://0search.ebscohost.com.skyline.ucdenver.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=97407418

Marlo, S. (2014). Cancer Patients: Going Broke to Stay Alive. Aging Care, Connecting

Caregivers, Retrieved from http://www.agingcare.com/Articles/why-cancer-patients-cannot-afford-treatment 139136.htm